The physical foundation of the network, transporting data signals as electrical impulses or light pulses. Common types include copper (coaxial and twisted-pair) and fiber optic cables.

These devices create wireless local area networks (WLANs) by transmitting and receiving data signals using radio waves.

These software applications assist network administrators in monitoring, troubleshooting, and optimizing network performance.

These hardware components manage and facilitate data flow within the network. Examples include Switches, Routers and Firewalls.

These powerful computers act as central resources within a network, providing services like file sharing, email, and web hosting.

Security measures protect the network from unauthorized access, and cyberattacks. These include firewalls, intrusion detection/prevention systems (IDS/IPS), encryption, and access control protocols.

These are expansion cards installed in computers or other devices, enabling them to connect to the network physically.

These software programs manage network resources, user access, security, and communication protocols.

• Fiber

• Copper

• Electrical

• Conduit

• High Voltage